Investigating the Reactions Between Polyvinyl Alcohol and...

Investigating the Reactions between Polyvinyl Alcohol and Borax in Making a Rubber Ball Introduction Chemistry, while usually thought of as being practiced mostly in labs, actually affects everyone, everywhere. Chemistry and chemical processes are constantly occurring. We are dependent on them. The air that we breathe, the food that we eat, and thousands of other simple and confusing things depend on chemistry. In this particular case, the relationship between Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and Sodium Borate (Borax) is being investigated. PVA is a water soluble synthetic polymer (Maciborski, and Salamone), while Borax is a natural mineral with many household uses. It can be used as herbicide, to bleach teeth, as a household cleaner, and a†¦show more content†¦The decision was made to manipulate the ratio of PVA to borax, as that would allow for different results. The first ratio chosen was 10:1, as it was thought to be a good starting point. However, many experiments are needed to reach a conclusion, so more ratios were tested out; the ratios 5:1, 3:1, and 2:1 were included as wel l, to get a variety of results. With all these different options, it would be possible to see which ratio was the closest and how that would impact the rest of the experiment. The Borax and PVA were poured from their respective beakers into a smaller (100mL) beaker, and then the solutions were stirred together thoroughly. This was done for all the ratios. 20 mL of PVA and 2 mL of Borax were used for the 10:1 ratio; 10mL PVA and 2mL Borax for the 5:1. 12 mL PVA and 4mL Borax for the 3:1; and 10mL PVA and 5mL Borax for the 2:1 ratio. The mixtures, after being made, were all allowed to rest in the beaker for 5 minutes. After the allotted time, the mixtures were taken out of the beakers using rubber gloves, since they are a mild skin irritant due to the fact that they contain Borax (â€Å"Material Safety Data Sheet†). They were then molded into a ball and tested for durability, shape retention, and bounce. The ones having the best of all the aforementioned qualities (5:1, 3:1, and 2:1 ratios) were then saved and put into plastic bags to be used in the succeeding

Visual Signs Of The Advertisement - 1466 Words

Living in a world that is increasing in visual signs in advertisements, it is important to note what they mean and the effect it has on us. Human beings are homo significans meaning that we are meaning-makers, one reason being that we unconsciously interpret signs by relating them to familiar structural convention. As advertisers are dependent on different conventions like fine art, photography, music, cultural codes and literary tropes, they combine signifiers and signified in order to give specific meanings to their commodities and achieve commercial value (Goldman Papson 1996) This essay will analyse the advert in semiotic terms, discussing in detail the different signifiers used for interpretations. I have chosen a dentistry advert for Walter Moretto. the copy, I saw that there is more to the advert. This misunderstanding sparked my interest to know more and the simplicity yet great appeal of the advert pulled me in and I decided to discover what made me a victim of it. The advert; â€Å"Time is Up for Bacteria and Plaque† shows a man that can be identified as the Grim Reaper holding a dental floss pick instead of a scythe a Reaper is accustomed to. At the bottom of the ad, there is a name; â€Å"Dr. Med. Dent. Walter Moretto† who is identified as a dental hygienist and his web address; â€Å"www.waltermoretto.ch† is placed below. The order of the individual elements shows their relation to each other. The information on the advert tells anyone reading and interested inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of an Image-Based Advertisement: McDonalds1420 Words   |  6 PagesImage Based Advertisement 1.The image based advertisement is a form of communication intended to appeal to customers through the help of visual elements. These visual based elements refer to the text of the advertisement, to the images portrayed by it, to the colors used in it, and others. The text of the advertisement is able to appeal viewers in several manners. 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The plethora of things meshed into a tsunami wave of sensational overload, and I loved it. I can’t vividly recall a single sign I saw, person I heard, or advertisment I read, but I can vividly remember the feeling of awe that wasRead MoreIn-Class Essay Writing Analysis1456 Words   |  6 Pagesstarted this assignment. When we started to write this essay we didn’t have a clear visual on our thesis. We had lots of information that was scattered and had no co nnection between the Robot, the Jeep and the advertisement that was being talked about. In this essay I included lots of ways we can benefit our in class writing if we were to re-due it. The good thing about our in-class essay is that we have our visual summary of the robot. 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However cosmetic advertisements will use these situations to their advantage knowing which audience it is directing towards. An ad with a male audience in mind could involve women sexualised and exposing a lot of flesh. It is all-dependent on the cosmetic product and the image the company wishesRead MoreVisual Culture Of The First Three Lectures994 Words   |  4 Pagesprovide three images of visual culture and use them to describe what visual culture is. Visual culture describes the aspects, things and objects, in our world made to be looked at. It is most often associated with art however could include advertisements, books, buildings etc. Figure 1 is a photograph of the facade of the Portal of Last Judgement, Notre Dame. The carving is a representation of a she-devil urinating on a cardinal, pope, and a king. This is an example of visual culture as its purpose

The Piano free essay sample

The magnetic pull of eighty-eight black and white keys on my fingers was present even before my first piano lesson. It started with my mom. She was set on her children having musical knowledge, since she never had the opportunity to take lessons when she was growing up. So, when I was 6, I started playing violin. However, I spent more time trying to plunk out the violin sheet music on the old upright piano in our living room than I did actually practicing the violin. My mom took notice, and I switched over to piano lessons. The itch in my fingers to play has only grown as I’ve grown older. I find myself seeking out a place to play whenever I have free time and wherever I am: at school, friend’s houses, and even on vacation. Sitting on the piano bench with my fingers on the keys, I am at home, even if I’m thousands of miles away from my house. We will write a custom essay sample on The Piano or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The moment I sit down at a piano, I unconsciously let out a huge breath, like I’ve been holding it in since the last time I played. A wave of serenity washes over me as I twiddle my hands for a second, deciding where on the keys to start. As my fingertips meet the cool, smooth ivories, my worries vanish. All the cares of the day fade away with the first note; any problem can be resolved by resolving a chord. The world fades to the black and white of the keys in front of me. Playing piano is therapeutic for me because I can take a break from the stress of reality and express my feelings through the music I play. Suddenly, emotions that, in my head, are swirling and confusing can be released through my fingers into musical patterns. I can spend hours at a piano without realizing the passing of time. Lost in music has always been my favorite place to be, and the piano is my favorite place to get lost. There have been several low points in my life where I’ve wanted nothing more than to get lost. During those moments, the piano was a constant source of consolation and comfort. Music has been there for me at times when no one else has. To be able to spread that support and inspiration to others through my own playing is one of the reasons I love to play so much. Piano is an incredibly expressive instrument. It is easy to connect to others while playing, whether it’s through a dramatic, complicated piece that touches on people’s heartstrings or the simple chords of Top 40 tune that get everyone singing and dancing along. Yes, I get lost in the music, and love to encourage others to do the same. But being at the piano is a powerful place for me to be because more often than not, I have found myself there. Playing piano has allowed me to discover and shape bits of myself that otherwise would’ve gone unnoticed. It gave me a channel for my emotions and a pathway to expressing my individuality. Meticulous practice has reaped for me the rewards of a solid work ethic, patience, and other disciplines. When writing my own music, my creativity and imagination can run free. Playing piano gives me a voice that can stand out in a crowd, and I am confident in that voice. These qualities I have learned and developed have followed me into areas of my life outside of music, allowing me to face day-to-day life with more certainty in myself and my abilities. Sitting on a piano bench with my fingers on the keys is the happiest and most familiar place for me to be because it is the easiest place for me to be myse lf.

Religion at Work

Religion is a fundamental set of beliefs and practices that are generally agreed upon by a number of persons or sects. In the Civil Rights Act of 1964 legislation, Religion include all aspects of religious observance and practice, as well as belief; unless an employer demonstrates that he/she is unable to reasonably accommodate an employee’s or prospective employee’s religious observance or practice without undue hardship on the conduct of the employer’s business (FindUSLaw, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religion at Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The meaning of reasonable accommodation is determined by the human resources. On the other hand, undue hardship may differ from employer to employer. However, religious accommodation may be granted if it does not in any way infringe on the rights of the other workers. Certain practices are easily accommodated while others cannot be ac commodated in the workplace. This paper covers the religious practices of the orthodox Jewish, the Hindu and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints’ practices, and whether these practices can be accommodated in the workplace, or not. One of the main practices of the three aforementioned religions is the observance of holy days during which some of their religious faithful are not allowed to work. The Orthodox Jewish day of rest (Sabbath) is Saturday. On this day, the use of all electrical appliances is highly prohibited. This includes driving, turning on lights, or even cooking. The Mormon holy day is Sunday and on this day, Mormons are advised to rest and worship. Mormons celebrate two religious festivals namely, Easter and Christmas. In the other hand, Hindus have many festivals whose dates change from year to year. During these festivals, they worship, fast, feast, and perform other rituals. Some of these practices can be accommodated in the workplace. Those emplo yers who require their employees to work on Saturdays can make an exception. Some practices that may not be accommodated include fasting if the employees were too weak to work. Orthodox fast days are spread throughout the year. During this time, no food or water is consumed for 25 hours (Rabin, 2011). This could be considered as undue hardships. Certain religious practices require a certain dress style. Orthodox Jewish women wear head coverings and are not allowed to wear pants while Jewish men grow sideburns and wear hats. Hindu women wear a special dress known as a mangalsutra while orthodox Hindu men grow a small pony tail on the back of their heads. Mormons are required to wear modest clothing that is not clingy. If a dress style poses a security risk, it cannot be accommodated.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are clothes that may be inappropriate for certain jobs e specially those that are likely to get tangled up in machinery. If a dress code is not in line with the organizations’ public image or if it does not promote a productive work environment, the employer has a right not to accommodate it. If a dress code is based on business needs and applied uniformly, it generally will not violate employee civil rights (Thomas, 2007). The three religions have strict guidelines on what food should be consumed. The Mormons do not drink caffeine or tea or any beverage that may be addictive. They are also encouraged to consume grains, herbs and fruits and to eat meat sparingly. Some Hindus do not eat meat, fish or eggs and the orthodox Jewish do not eat foods that are not kosher. This is a practice that can be accommodated by an employer by providing a wider variety of foods on their menu and ensuring that Hindu foods are cooked and heated in different containers from the ones used for cooking meat. The Hindu paradigm of Dharma-of doing oneâ€⠄¢s duty is a powerful force in the workplace. Dharma is not enough because Hindus have been castigated for being clannish and unwilling to mix with others (Srinivasan, 2007, p. 1). This has been attributed to the caste system. If the job they are doing involves networking or working in teams, this behavior cannot be accommodated. This decision is also strengthened by the fact that the caste system is illegal in India where the Hindu community originated from. It’s not unlawful for an employer to take action against an employee in a foreign country if compliance with the employee’s demand would cause the employer to violate the law of the foreign country (FindUSLaw, 2008). The prayer requirements of the three religions vary. Many Hindus are required to pray three times a day. During this time, they bring a plate, a cup of water and a spoon. Accommodations can easily by providing space where they can pray and store their prayer items. The orthodox Jewish and Mormon dail y prayer practices do not require special considerations. There are instances where the employer is allowed by law to hire employees based on their religion. If religion is a bonafide occupational qualification reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or if the employer is an education institution owned, supported or controlled by a particular religion (FindUSLaw, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religion at Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List FindUSLaw. (2008). Civil Rights Act of 1964- CRA- Title VII- Equal Employment Opportunities-42 US Code Chapter 21. Web. Rabin, R. C. 2011. Rabbis sound an alarm over eating disorders. Web. Srinivasan, R. (2007). The Hindu Work Ethic. Shadow Warrior. Web. Thomas, R. (2007). Dress code legal issues. HR Matters E-Tips. Web. This essay on Religion at Work was written and submitted by user Jerimiah G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Every Year, Millions Of Animals Suffer And Die In Painful Essays

Every year, millions of animals suffer and die in painful tests to determine the safety of cosmetics. Substances such as eye shadow and soap are tested on rabbits, rats, guinea pigs, dogs, and other animals, despite the fact that the test results dont help prevent or treat human illness or injury. Cosmetics are not required to be tested on animals and since non-animal alternatives exist, its hard to understand why some companies still continue to conduct these tests. Cosmetic companies kill millions of animals every year to try to make a profit. According to the companies that perform these tests, they are done to establish the safety of a product and the ingredients. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which regulates cosmetic products, does not require animal testing. Some of the tests used on animals are eye irritancy tests, acute toxicity tests, and skin irritancy tests. In eye irritancy tests, a liquid, flake, granule, or powdered substance is dropped into the eyes of a group of albino rabbits. The animals are often immobilized in stocks from which only their heads protrude. They usually receive no anesthesia during the tests. After placing the substance into the rabbits eyes, lab technicians record the damage to the eye tissue at specific intervals over an average period of 72 hours. The tests sometimes last seven to eighteen days. Reactions to the substances include swollen eyelids, ulceration, bleeding, swollen irises massive deterioration, and blindness. During the tests, rabbits eyelids are usually held open with clips, because of this, many animals try to break their necks as they try to escape. Acute toxicity tests, commonly called lethal dose or poisoning tests, determine the amount of a substance that will kill a percentage, even up to one-hundred percent, of a group of test animals. In these tests, a substance is forced by tube into the animals stomach or through holes cut in their throats. Experimenters observe the animals reactions which can include convulsions, labored breathing, malnutrition, skin eruptions, and bleeding from the eyes, nose, or mouth. The test was developed in 1927 and the testing continues until at least fifty percent of the animals die (usually takes 2-4 weeks). Like eye irritancy tests, lethal dose tests are unreliable and have too many variables to have a constant result. Skin irritancy tests are conducted on rabbits, guinea pigs and other animals. The process involves placing chemicals on the animals raw, shaved skin and covering the skin with adhesive plaster. The animals are immobilized in restraining devices to prevent them from struggling. Meanwhile, laboratory workers apply the chemicals which burn into the animals skin. Alternatives to cosmetic testing are less expensive and generally more reliable to perform. Animals have different biological systems than humans therefore the tests cant be as accurate as the current tests. Some alternatives include cell cultures, tissue cultures, corneas from eye banks, and sophisticated computer and mathematical models. Companies can also devise a formula using ingredients already proven safe by the Food and Drug Administration. Most cruelty-free companies use a combination of methods to ensure the safety of a product. Lobbying by animal welfare groups has resulted in federal, state, and local legislation severely restricting animal experimentation. For example, under the U.S. Animal welfare act, all animals used in biomedical research must be bought from vendors licensed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The USDA inspects laboratories where animals are used and enforces federal laws regarding treatment and care of the animals. Biomedical scientists have also taken action to prevent the abuse of the animals, mostly because abused animals may not provide reliable data. The American Physiological Society, the National Institutes of Health, and many other scientific organizations have joined to lay down guidelines for the use and treatment of experimental animals. Now, there are also many universities with animal welfare committees. In the United States survey by the American Medical Association, it was found that 75 percent of Americans are against using animals in cosmetic testing. Hundreds of companies have responded by switching to animal-friendly test methods. To help put an end to animal testing, people can stop buying products that were tested on animals. You can also call and write to these companies, or write to your congressional representative about the alternatives that can be used.

Analysis of Japanese Horror Genre Essays

Analysis of Japanese Horror Genre Essays Analysis of Japanese Horror Genre Essay Analysis of Japanese Horror Genre Essay Conventions and Achievements of the Japanese Horror Genre Analysis Japanese society is rarely valued as a compassionate society, willing to alleviate suffering of others as oppose to other societies and cultures. The high suicide rate in this country justifies this. The lack of empathy can be portrayed in the media in the form of movies. Japanese horror has become increasingly popular throughout the years and has gained many loyal fans. Many people prefer Japanese horror to Hollywood horror as Japanese horror tends to have a tenser atmosphere. They are different to the typical horror movie and have an edge to them. This is not necessarily because there is more blood or gore; purely because they have a realistic value as well as the chill factor. People often watch horror movies because they are in need of a good thrill; its a safe, entertaining way to get the blood pumping. Over the last centaury horror movies have progressed rapidly. In the 1930s, Frankenstein became notably popular. Its distinct storyline had movie fans captivated in the latest movie phenomenon. Frankenstein is about the consequence of man playing God with nature. Its born of the scientific discoveries of the time such as electricity. Many people felt they were blasphemies and would lead to abominations like Frankensteins monster; people were powerfully influenced by movies. Decades passed and it seemed as though inhuman creatures such as Frankensteins monster and Dracula were not enough to captivate audiences for much longer. Nor were the aliens and creatures from unknown planets which were undoubtedly popular in the 1950s. Even the tender, prime youths trapped in Scream and I Know What You Did Last Summer were becoming more and more predictable and prosaic. A new breed of horror movies soon became sought after; Japanese horror. Japanese horror catered the needs of movie addicts with a whole new dimension of bloodcurdling, eerie, and spine-chilling happenings. Their storylines unique, as oppose to the typical American horror movie. With authentic characters and chilling spirits the Japanese directors achieved something American movie makers couldnt achieve; a heartfelt, sincere display, whilst sustaining the terror and tension. In a world which is indeed our world, the one we know, a world without devils, sylphides, or vampires, there occurs an event, which cannot be explained by the laws of this same, familiar world. These are the words of Tzvetan Todorov. He said that in our minds we believe that there is no such thing as supernatural beings such as vampires and sylphides but there is always a chance that they may be present, always that small chance that they might in fact be existant. Todorov is asserting that we do question our intuition and sometimes we do let our imaginations run loose. Reputable examples of the Japanese horror: Ju-On and Dark Water In Ju-On a curse is present as conscious if immaterial being. The curse conceived of a grudge, is brought to life by a man who brutally murders his wife in her attic. Consequently, the house remains occupied with a phantasm, Kayako, which will not tolerate anyone entering the house. She seeks her vengeance by eradicating anyone entering the house in the same way her husband did to her; dragging them into her attic and murdering them. Kayakos son, Toshio, whose death was elusive, appears as a motif. He is the most obtrusive hint that danger is close by. He appears on his own which symbolises family breakdown and reveals a sense of discomfort and concern. Dark Water Movie Overview In Dark Water a mother, Yoshimi, is under a great deal of stress; she is fighting to keep custody of her daughter, Ikuko, battling a divorce case and is trying to get her life back on track by getting a new job and moving into a new apartment. After moving into the new apartment, subtle hints reveal that in fact the place is homing something supernatural. The movies share similar conventions. In Dark Water and Ju-On the faces of the supernatural beings are hidden. By doing this, the audience do not connect with the character and the character is portrayed as mysterious and dark. The audience are less likely to feel empathy towards something they cannot see. It makes the audience feel that the character has something to hide, that in fact they are pure evil. Additionally, the usage of light is eminently effective in both of the movies. Ju-On Movie Overview In Ju-On the lighting is divine in the sense that it entrances the audience into believing the whole home is infected with a ghostly spirit. This is achieved by the dark spells and filtered blue lights. It makes it the perfect setting for a supernatural being to be lurking around. In Dark Water the lighting also worked equally as well. The dark, shadowy scenes always alerted the audience to be aware. The use of primary colours worked well too, the yellow coat and the recurring red bag. Primary colours work well because they are dominant and important; these signs were dominant and important. Both of the movies start with an establishing shot focusing on home. There is a sense of irony here as home is supposed to be somewhere people feel safe and secure but not in these movies. The home seems to create more problems. Dark Water starts with a mother and daughter rushing off home trying escape the pouring rain falling down on them. As they reach their apartment the rain seems to have followed them inside, water is leaking and they seem incapable of escaping from the water. The establishing shot is of a mother and daughter looking up to a building. The building is presented as a tall, towering construction leaning over the helpless victims entering it. Immediately, the building has an unpleasant stigma attached to it. This building is revealed to be a future home. The building seems to dismiss the true values of a home; its not a warm, inviting dwelling but a dark, eerie place. This scene is accompanied by non-harmonious, discordant and non-diagetic music. The murmur of deep sounds builds up tension in the atmosphere. The sound is unsettling and unnatural; it is subliminally pushing the connotation of supernaturalism. This effect was created to build up suspense and make the audience feel as though they know something out of the ordinary is going to happen. Mitsukos presence is displayed in many forms by the movie maker Hideo Nakata throughout the movie before her appearance. The signifiers of Mitsuko are effective because the audience are left in suspense waiting for the mystery to unravel and are constantly captivated by the reoccurring motifs. One of the most lucid motifs of Mitsukos existence is the yellow coat. Amongst the dark, eerie atmosphere this bright coat portrays change and importance. Also, the reoccurring red bag that keeps appearing every time Yoshimi tried to get rid of it shows that Mitsuko is persistent; she wont give up. Other signifiers which arent as apparent include footsteps, shadows and posters. The prime motif was the presence of water. Whenever the water is present the music accompanying the scene is discordant and non-diagetic implying that evil is present or close by. These sounds add to the tension creating an unearthly feel. M R James wrote, Two ingredients most valuable in the concocting of a ghost story are, to me, the atmosphere and the nicely managed crescendo. He believed that building up to the climax slowly and effectively then revealing the mystery is a very important quality in a horror movie. Dark Water follows this model as the build up is slow and unobtrusive at first with the motifs and when we do reach a climax it is apparent as the music changes and the whole atmosphere becomes tenser. The build up is most successful in Dark Water in the bathroom scene. Ikuko moves towards the sink and turns the tap. She sees hair in the sink. The reaction shot captures her reaction as she drops the glass and moves back quickly. The tap continues to run. Elsewhere, Yoshimi is near the water tank. It is indented, the result of which seems incapable of creation by any mere human. A high angle shot of Yoshimi shows she is being watched. Meanwhile, back in the bathroom Ikuko is watching the bath fill with dirty water, she tries to turn the tap but it seems to be stuck. The bath overflows with dirty water and bubbles appear. A high angle shot is in place when Ikuko is grabbed by the head and forcefully pushed under water. This shows that something was watching her. A low angle shot captures her struggling. Throughout this scene the music plays an effective role; as the build up to the crescendo occurs the music gets louder and faster showing that something extreme was taking place, placing great emphasis on the importance of this scene. Using the reaction shot the audience managed to sense Ikukos fear. By using the high angle shot the audience were aware of the eerie presence which loomed through the scenes. The audiences response to this would be that they would feel tension as the build up reached the crescendo and they would feel sorry for Ikuko witnessing such a situation. Also, they will feel shocked as they probably didnt think that Ikuko would get pulled into the water. Hideo Nakata placed great emphasis on the tension in this movie as he probably had the same beliefs as M. R James, that building up the tension then revealing the threat was an effective way to keep the audience drawn to the movie. Both Ju-On and Dark water end with the death of the central characters, this is not what audiences would usually expect. This is because in most movies its always the good character that defeats the bad character. Yoshimi dies in Dark Water because she realises she would have to sacrifice her own life in aid of Ikuko having a chance of survival; she knew Mitsuko would not give in. Throughout the movie it seems as though bad luck seems to follow Yoshimi; first her divorce, then her custody battle and settling into a strange apartment. Throughout the movie it seems as though she is being followed by an undying spirit, the high angle camera shots represent this. Yoshimis death is consistent with the language of the movie. One of the most heartfelt scenes was the final scene in which Ikuko desperately wanted her mother but her mother, Yoshimi, was with Mitsuko. The imagery of water surrounding Ikuko displayed one of the movies main motifs, badness being present. In this case was the fact that Ikukos mother was hugging this freak of a girl rather then her own daughter. Although the reasonings behind this were sincere, the audience felt a great deal of sympathy towards the little girl. Dark Water is showing the bad side of Japan which is often sheltered. It indicates the common problems which are often hidden. They are often hidden because Japanese society is strict and orderly. It is now becoming very modern and urban, a paradox as there are many old suspicious beliefs in place, although, Japan it self is quite modern, there is a clash. Honour and respect are key points in Japanese society. There is a worry that younger generations will dismiss these values and the older generations will look down upon this. Dark Water presents to us that although Japan seems to come across as an almost perfect society it experiences problems like any other society such as child abuse, neglection, divorce and adultery. In conclusion, I found this movie successful in sustaining the mystery and the build up was good too. This movie was a change to the typical movie in which the evil character is defeated and the good character lives on as a hero. This excited the viewer as they did not know what was coming next. Also, the lack of clarity is effective. Going back to the words of Tzvetan Todorov, there is an uncertainty and the audience do think twice on the happenings of this movie. Hideo Nakata achieved portraying the breakdown of Japanese culture effectivly in the form of child neglection and divorce. This would schock conventional veiwers. All in all, the movie captivates veiwers, keeps them glued to their seats and gives them a whole new insight on Japanese society with a unique twist.

Personal reflect essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal reflect - Essay Example From personal experiences I have seen my father suffer from asthma and my grandmother suffer from high blood pressure and diabetes. During these instances I was asked to go to medical shops and get the required medicines and drugs. When these events occurred my lack of knowledge on the subject frustrated me. At that time I had an immense desired to learn more about the subject in order to help people. I had watched a number of movies related to pharmacy and medicine. I had also in my personal time read books such as The Last Medicine by Arthur Hailey. These readings increased my interest for the profession of pharmacy. One of my strengths is that I’m a person that takes advantage of every opportunity that comes my way. I also keep myself up to date with the current happenings, research, breakthroughs, and inventions in the fields of pharmacy and healthcare. I am a team player which a good trait in all professions particularly in the field of pharmacy because this will help me with the coordination in the inter-disciplinary treatment that pharmacy professionals need to provide. I seek to expand my knowledge base on every possible occasion and I am good at crisis management. I am capable of handling complex situations in a calm manner which is a pre-requisite for every professional in the field of pharmacy. There were other reasons why I decided to pursue a career in pharmacy. For instance, I was intrigued by human psychology and its acceptance of trying circumstances. I am a compassionate person and enjoy extending a helping hand to those in need. In order to further my goal I have volunteered at various health camps. Core values such as equality, human dignity, and justice are of utmost importance to me. I aspire to devote myself to servicing humanity as a tool to give back what I can to society. My goal in life is to become a pharmacist. Now that I have started on the path towards becoming a

Applied Immunology...subunit vaccines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Applied Immunology...subunit vaccines - Essay Example In Subunit Vaccines, as the name suggest, only the specific fragment of a microbe or an infectious agent (Thecochranelibrary.com, 2014). These fragments might be epitopes which are specific parts of an antigen that are easily recognizable to the antibodies or T cells. Subunit vaccines consist of about 1-20 or sometimes even more antigens, whereas it is an intense task to specify which antigen would prove the most efficient stimulator (Flower and Perrie, 2013). There are two ways of manufacturing these vaccines once the appropriate antigen has been identified: All vaccines go through careful evaluation to make sure that they are safe for consumption; however, there are some flaws in the structure of traditional vaccines that were illuminated with the creation of subunit vaccines. Usually, inactive pathogens are introduced into the immune system of a human being as a vaccine; being inactive means that the pathogen can no longer cause a disease because the viral fragment has been deactivated. The one problem with this procedure is the chance or reversion. Reversion is the process by which a microbe undergoes genetic changes, converting it into an even deadlier threat to the human body (Vaccine-safety-training.org, 2014). This risk if eradicated in the case of subunit vaccines because only the structural fragments of a pathogen are used, which means that there can be no genetic changes, hence no damage to the human body may occur (Stratton, Wilson, and McCormick, 2002). Another shortcoming of traditional live vaccines is that they cannot be used by certain groups of people, such as the elderly above 65 or even pregnant women. This is because even attenuated viruses can pose a threat to the health of these people, making it fatal for them to use these vaccines. Similar to the case before, subunit vaccines are introduced in the body as small fragments rather than a whole microbe so

Developing a conceptual framework is an impossible possibility Essay - 1

Developing a conceptual framework is an impossible possibility - Essay Example There have been increasing efforts towards formation of standardized approaches in accounting, in what may be explained to be an accounting conceptual framework. The standardized approach in accounting aims to offering a holistic and uniformed approach in which all accounting problems can be handled. Moreover, such standards help in ensuring ethics and morality in accounting discipline considering that fraud and dishonesty are the main vices affecting the economic discipline as people undertake such economic roles with selfish interests, eroding the integrity of such a profession. Knowledge regarding elements and aspects of accounting and the image created by such profession are thus of critical importance in accounting. Knowledge and Sources of Knowledge Epistemology is the discipline concerned with the theory of knowledge and the way people can attain knowledge. In most cases, sentences are only used to convey meaning, and the meaning itself does not reside in sentences. A proposit ion is the main element in a sentence as it refers to the meaning of a sentence, and it is the one that leads to knowledge. In accounting, knowledge can be gained from a diversity of sources. Knowledge may be attained through skills in doing something. An accountant who spends most of the time preparing financial statement will develop skills in the practice and this would lead to more detailed knowledge than other accountants in a separate department. This involves the act of â€Å"knowing how† to do something. Moreover, such knowledge may be genetically programmed in that some people are born with talents and have much higher proficiency in carrying out specific tasks. Knowledge may also be obtained through acquaintance with something or observing something until one grasps the basic concepts in doing it. For example, as person can observe the basic operation of balancing a balance sheet, or any other financial statement over time till they grasp the basic concepts of perfo rming such a task even without formal education on how to do it. Many people in on-job training learn through acquaintance till they develop such skills and are able to perform as required. Knowledge may also be obtained through understanding statements in an inductive reasoning approach. For example, one may gain knowledge by first appreciating the fact that a financial statement has to convey the truth about a company. Therefore, one has to develop a belief regarding the truth conveyed in such a financial statement, and then look for some good facts as evidence to prove the belief is true. However, it must be recalled that truth has to remain as truth despite one knowing it or not, and is not influenced with such inductive reasoning. Knowledge and truth are thus independent of one another and one requires deeper investigation to determine if such knowledge really leads to reality or truth. Accounting Theories Hendrickson (1970) defines a theory as a set of coherent hypothetical, p ragmatic and conceptual principles that guide in the field of inquiry (as cited in Deegan and Unerman, 2009). The use of the word coherence indicates that all the elements in a theory have to work together in presenting a certain knowledge, or result in accounting. However, Deegan and Unerman (2009) noted that theories

Evian bottled water brand in the US market

Evian bottled water brand in the US market 1. Case overview: Although it has achieved great success in other part of the world, the Danone and its Evian bottled water brand are facing significant pressure while handling the U.S. market. After the cola giants Coke and Pepsi set up their own bottled water brands, Dasani and Aquafina, Danone is the number four in the U.S. market with only a 3.5% market share in 2001. Danone is facing two main problems when dealing with the U.S. market. Firstly, the U.S. customers do not accept the premium on the Evian brand, they care less about the type of the bottled water and prefer cheaper water like Aquafina or Dasani. Then, the distribute system in U.S. market is quite different from that in Europe. To carry out a strategy for its further business in the U.S., Danone made the first agreements in April 2002 with one of its most powerful opponents Coca-Cola to let Coke take charge of the Evian brand in North America. Coca-Cola will help Danone within the distribution and market performance, and will get incentives in return of the annual sales growth of Evian bottled water. The second agreement carried in June 2002 is mainly about the two companies announced a joint venture. Danone will contributes license for use several value brands and production facilities, while Coca-Cola pays cash for ownership interest and provide management. Coca-Cola needs to help achieve a guaranteed profit level; however, the penalty is not clear. The alliance of the two companies provokes debates about whether it is a way to improve sales condition or it is a sign of Danones unofficial quit from the U.S. bottled water market. What is the right decision for Danone remains to be proved. 2. Why Evians market share in the U.S. kept falling after the cola giants start their bottled water brands in the late 1980s? The Japanese strategist Kenichi Ohmae developed the 3Cs Model indicated three main players that are necessary for successful business strategy: the corporation, the customer, and the competitors. (Kenichi Ohmae, 1982) When mention the competitors, Coke and Pepsi who sell purified water that avoid extra handling and transport costs, enjoy much lower cost than Evian does. Meanwhile, their distribution systems are well developed thanks to their successful operating on other beverage such as cola. The result is that they can have their cheaper products on more shelves quickly. What is more, as Coca-Cola, Pepsi and NestlÃÆ'Â © are all well-known companies throughout the America, not only their products quality are guaranteed, but also their bottled water brands do not need too much promotion. For the customer part, in the European market where Danone has achieved great success, the customers understand the differences between glacier-sources water and purified water or tap water. They are willing to pay the premium price to purchase the consistent quality and taste of bottled water. But the U.S. customers seem to ignore the classifications of bottled water, and they are extreme price-sensitivity, their first choice is often the cheapest water on the store shelves. Obviously, the Danone Corporation itself has done quite few when facing the hard situation. The company was not well prepared for the entry of cola giants at the beginning. The former achievement within other part of the world especially in Europe makes the company blind worship its Danone business equation and refused to change its business strategy to fit the U.S. market. Also, Danone did not introduce its innovative products which are very popular in the European market, and few marketing activities such as advertises are mentioned to introduced to encourage the U.S. market accept the glacier premium. 3. Positive and negative sides of Danones strategy of running business on its own in the U.S. market. Generally speaking, one advantage of going it alone strategy is it will help keeping the companys national, historical and family pride. The following will analyse the pros and cons of two parts of this remaining one single business entity strategy respectively. The first part is to admit that the Evian brand is not a U.S. market leader but a niche product which is a high-end premium bottled water with the label of health. As the U.S. bottled water market determines the market leader by price and logistics, Evian has to make full use of its nature of unique pristine qualities to provide higher-margin product for specialized customers who understand and appreciate the price premium of bottled water which has better resource and quality. Such customer can be created by purposeful marketing and advertising. Though the group size of these customers might be not so big, the sale profit can be guaranteed by the higher sale price. Clearly, segmentation will help the company focus its strategy but the development of broad-brand equity might be inhibited. The second part is about to place its locally-sourced spring water compete against the Big Three of the U.S. bottled water market in the mid-market which has high sale volume and is price-driven. This plan sounds a good way for Danone to get the lost market share back in the U.S. The defect of this strategy is that large sum of investment need to be paid for acquiring the production facilities and distribution systems, the cost-recovery, however, would take a very long-time. Since the result of compete against NestlÃÆ'Â © and cola giants in the U.S. market are not so lucidity or even optimistic, this plan is unsuitable for Danone. Besides, manage large number of new employees for production and distribution would be another problem for the company. 4. The effect of Danone give up the whole U.S. bottled water market. The impact of keeping Evian brand only as a niche player in the U.S. market has been cited before as only a smaller group of specialized customers will be considered as target, and Evian will be redefined as a high-end premium bottled water in the market. There are many other ramifications of Danones getting out of the U.S. market. Firstly, since there is no report of loss in the American market, it keeps earning money for the company though not as much as other market does, abandon the U.S. market means the company will lose the market share and profit from the market. Secondly, the company has to deal with assets and employees that will no longer working for the corporation. Since there are only a few potential buyers for these assets, powerful buyers can minimize their cost of purchase. Thus the company may suffer a sizeable loss on that. Thirdly, leaving the U.S. market might be a negative signal to other markets and its stakeholders that the company is unable to handle such a profitable market. The direct result may reflect on its share price which will experience a significant fall. What is more, the exiting strategy will blemish the value and goodwill of both Evian brand and the Danone Group and it is not good news for the companys business in other market. Finally, once exit, the re-enter to the market will be much tougher. While remain in the market helps keep the long-term opportunities for the company, it is really difficult for any external company to find a chance to get in and earn money. 5. Comment on the joint ventures with Coca-Cola. Clearly, the joint ventures with the cola giant have many advantages. To be specific, since the Danones strategy and market method cannot meet the needs of the U.S. market, shifting the marketing and distribution control to a company that has more success experience is sensible. With the help of Coke with the marketing and delivery, Danones products can expect a sizeable increase in sell. Besides, as Coca-Cola take charge of those Danones business in the America, the saved resources including marketing and managing expenses and human resources can be put into other markets which are more likely to gain success. In addition, the Evians brand image of high-end will be maintained according to the marketing strategy of the joint ventures. In other words, to remain the corporation and its products in the U.S. market with the sale volume growth guarantee provided by Coke is a safe game for Danone. However, there are some unreasonable factors within the joint ventures. First, as is mentioned in the case, no punishment of Cokes unable to achieve the sale promise is unclear, what if the Danone products keep losing market share? Second, as Coca-Cola gets 51% of the ownership, Danones suggestions might be so weak while making important decisions. Besides, there seems to be an overlap between Cokes bottled water Dasani and Danones Danone brand spring water, so it is doubtful the cola giant is willing to accomplish the sale growth of its joint ventures partners at the expense of its own products. In sum, the cooperation with Coca-Cola is the most ideal way for Danone when handling the U.S. market, but the result might not so ideal because of those internal and external (i.e. economic and market changes) uncertainties. Bibliography Ohmae, K. (1982). The mind of the strategist : the art of Japanese business. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kotabe, M Helsen, K. (2008). Global marketing management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Borders between countries should be banned Essay

In recent years, people discuss many issues in the world. One of them is borders between countries are reason of decline the world economy. However, there are many political reasons which prevent abolishment of borders. This essay will try to explain why borders between countries should be banned. There are several reasons why borders between countries should be banned. Firstly, they impede trades between countries because, countries use different commercial laws. Secondly, borders prevent free movement of capitals in the world. For example, multinational companies should take permission from a country to transfer their capital to another country. Finally, human capitals are prohibited free movement between countries. For example, workers in low-income countries cannot work in developed countries without work visa. All of these can be reasons why borders between countries should be banned. On the other hand, there are opponents who said that borders between countries should be remained because, they have political differences. In addition, some said that borders help to protect a homeland from enemies. It means clear borders can be help any country if has a war. Finally, there are some countries which have special region such as Makah in Saudi Arabia cannot non-Muslim visit this region. All of these can be a reason for borders between countries. In conclusion, it is obvious the borders between countries have substantial reasons. However, the borders impede trade between countries and prevent free movement of human capitals. second example In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of travelers around the world. Without a doubt, there are a number of people discuss the issue that borders between countries should be banned or not. It is an important issue because it concerns economic questions, globalisation and culture. This essay will try to explain why borders between countries

Financial Analysis and Forecast of Sweet Dreams Inc Essay

Sweet Dream Incorporated (SDI) is a manufacturing company focused on mattress and box spring production for large retailers and hotel chains. With two facilities at their disposal, SDI manufactures over 20 different styles of bedding for their consumers. SDI’s founder and president, Douglas May, has contacted our consulting firm with regards to current financial problems between himself and SDI’s bank, First International Bank. Due to the spike in bank failures in the early 1990’s First National has become extremely sensitive to problem loans (loans which show ratio performances below the industry standard). Unfortunately, SDI has had poor liquidity and debt ratios for the past three years which has caught the banks attention. After a phone call from the bank Doug has realized that SDI is in even worse trouble than the bank thinks. He has just signed a 9.5 million dollar contract to expand the business which was allegedly being loaned from the bank. Seeing as how the bank is debating closing Doug down it doesn’t look likely that they would want to front him another 9.5 million. Following a brief meeting with his senior managers, Doug and his team decided that this 9.5 million dollar loan from the bank is the only way to keep their business alive. They have decided to reverse their current policy of aggressive price drops and easy credit, reduce their administrative, selling and miscellaneous expenses, not acquire any new fixed assets or sell common stock, decrease accounts payable, stop paying dividends, and freeze executive salaries. All this is an attempt to prove to the bank that Sweet Dreams Inc. is taking their financial situation very seriously and that the bank should strongly consider giving SDI the 9.5 million dollar loan. Doug has asked us to verify the bank’s evaluation of his company, predict the expected performance of Sweet Dreams Inc. for 1996 and 1997, and prepare a list of SDI’s strengths an d weaknesses. All of these requests will be used to influence the bank to grant a 9.5 million dollar short-term loan to SDI as well as not forcing the bank to demand immediate re-payment of their loans. Sweet Dreams Incorporated (SDI) is struggling currently. With a current ratio of 1.9, SDI looks good up front. However the company’s inventory occupies close to 60 percent of its current assets. The quick ratio better shows SDI’s performance. With a ratio of .77, SDI cannot pay their short-term liabilities as they come due. This shows the first problem of Sweet Dreams Inc; Inventory Management. Also in Doug’s efforts to spin his recent losses he has decided to change his traditional dividend payout from 25% to 0. This symptom cuts to the core problem that SDI’s bottom line has suffered in the past years, partly because of economic downturns and partly because of management’s response to the economic downturn. Finally SDI’s Z score poses a problem with the banks’ standards. An Altman’s Z score is calculated by combining five different ratios of a company. First National claims that a Z score below the industry standard shows weakness in a firm and increases the likelihood of default. SDI’s Altman score is 3.07 which is not enough to worry the bank, but enough to put increased pressure on Sweet Dreams Inc. Therefore the problem here lies at minimizing costs and increasing revenues. To solve these problems SDI would need to focus their efforts on inventory management, company decisions, and effectiveness and efficiency. Regarding inventory SDI can lower the current level of mattress production to let inventory deplete to an acceptable percentage of current assets. As for company decisions when the economy is hurting companies should focus on cutting wages or hours to minimize costs, not reducing prices to increase sales. Finally the company needs to work on improving their ratios. Strong ratios come from more selling and less spending which in turn will lead to a better Altman’s Z score. 2) After finding the results of Question one, it is evident that SDI has more weaknesses than strengths as of 1995. If you look at the common size statements, Table 3, it shows that inventory increased as a percentage of sales, which indicates that a smaller percentage is being sold. All current liabilities increased as a percentage of total liabilities, which indicates that SDI is facing more debt. Figure one also clearly shows many of the weaknesses of SDI. Both liquidity ratios are below the industry average. Although the debt ratio appears to be above the industry average, it is actually a weakness because it indicates that SDI has more debt than equity. The only asset management ratio that is above industry average is the fixed asset turnover ratio, the rest are either equal to, or beneath their industry average. However, it’s not all bad; Figure one also shows that SDI has managed to hold a payout ratio on dividends that is 5 percent above the industry average. 3) Based on our analysis of historical data, I do not believe that the bank should lend the requested money to SDI. We believe SDI is unfit for the loan because they are below the industry average in a majority of financial ratios used to measure overall success in the company. These include liquidity ratios, leverage ratios, asset management ratios and profitability ratios, all shown in Table six. The fact that SDI Is facing decreased demand resulting from the recent depression also adds to their adversity they are facing to be a successful retailer. The current financial situation they are in makes them very sensitive to any unexpected economic event, making the risk of lending to them even greater. We firmly believe that it would not be beneficial to the bank to grant SDI this loan. 5) SDI has determined that its optimal cash balance will be 5 percent of total sales. In addition, all excess funds of this amount will be invested in marketable securities, which in turn will earn a 5 percent interest rate. Based on the forecasted financial statements, we have determined that SDI will be able to invest in marketable securities in 1996 and 1997. As shown in Table two, net sales for 1996 and 1997 are $330,386,000 and $371,684,000 respectively. Table one shows that in 1996, SKI had $55,276,000 in cash and marketable securities. With the optimal cash balance at 5 percent, only $16,519,300 of this amount will be in cash. The remaining $38,756,700 will go towards marketable securities. Likewise the figures in 1997, which exceeds $18,584,200, the 5 percent optimal cash balance. Therefore, SDI was able to invest $56,183,800 in marketable securities. A potential problem that our financial forecasts reveal is that we are investing a considerably larger amount of money into the marketable securities than we are holding in cash. While this money is earning interest, it may cause a future problem seeing as how there are so many loans that require cash to be paid off. With cash being the most liquid of all assets, it may be essential to keep more on hand in order to successfully pay off short and long term loans that will accumulate as a result of the $9,500,000 increase in capital from the plant expansion. 6) On the basis of previously developed forecasts, it does not appear that SDI will be able to retire all of its outstanding short-term loans by December 31, 1996. At this date, SDI’s short term SDI has on hand at this time is only $16,519,300, as the rest of their cash will be invested in marketable securities as a result of the 5 percent optimal cash balance. 7) Should the bank decide to withdraw the entire line of credit and demand payment immediately, a few alternative options would be available to Sweet Dreams Inc. The first option is that Sweet Dreams Inc. would immediately file for bankruptcy. Along with this they will file for protection under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Act. This will allow Sweet Dreams Inc. to run as a firm and raise new money under restricted circumstances. Sweet Dreams Inc. will also be able to sell off any liquid assets in order to cover operation expenses and legal fees involved in this process. However, filing for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy is not a n easy way out because more often than not the bank is unable to recover its initial investment. Along with this, employee productivity and morale descends, and the company will begin to have difficulty obtaining credit in the future because of their soiled credit history today. Another option is that Sweet Dreams Inc. would sell current assets at market value to pay off the requested amount from the bank. Their short-term bank loan is equal to $26,610,000 and their long-term bank loan is equal to $16,248,000 in 1995. Combined, this will equal a total of $42,858,000. This amount will need to be paid off as soon as possible. Due to the fact that they cannot sell total assets, Sweet Dreams Inc. needs to sell their current assets first at market value. For this example, we will use 28% as a fair market value. At 28% of face value, the $127,028,000 worth of current assets would be worth $91,460,160 to the creditors. First, Sweet Dreams Inc. would pay back the bank because they are requesting those funds immediately. After the loans are fully paid off, Sweet Dreams Inc. would be left with $48,602,160. The next action would be to pay off the stockholders who are still entitled to money. This amount would total to $2,660,000, with 7million shares valued at $.38. This would leave Since Sweet Dreams Inc. with $45,942,160. Although they still have money, Sweet Dreams Inc. took a major financial hit and will most likely need to default regardless. 8. There are several circumstances that would affect the validity of the comparative ratio analysis. For example the text quotes, â€Å"SDI’s problems began with the recession of the early 1990’s, which caused a drastic decrease in demand from its retail and hotel customers,† When outside sources such as a recession or an inflation occurs one can expect that the forecast would be altered. Unforeseeable events such as natural disasters can also affect the normality of the forecast, as these can affect potential sales. Also, if one makes a mistake in a forecast, and adds incorrectly or uses the wrong formula then the comparative ratio will be thrown off. When forecasting, one can only trust the facts of the past. For example, in this case study, SDI managers saw a decrease in demand from this recession. This caused many retail and hotel customers to steer away from purchasing new bedding. Although the sales from new homeowners were still there, hotels were not being built in the Southeast. Even though SDI responded by lowering prices and increasing production, people were still not buying and sales never increased. Hence, the management forecast was not accurate, and sales hardly improved. In most cases, forecasting is a very effective tool in predicting what will occur in the future, but there must be some room for managers to be flexible in order to account for discrepancies in the data or unknown events. 10) Based on the Altman’s Z-Score table we are confident that if a company is within 25% of expected sales they will still be close to the minimum Altman score of 3.2. Therefore the company would have strong enough ratios to not be flagged by the bank for, â€Å"Problem Loans.† Also Cost of Goods Sold as a percent of sales and the Altman Z score are inversely related. This shows that the end results are sensitive to Cost of Goods Sold. 11) While looking at the pro-forma financial statements, we believe Ingrid should give Sweet Dreams Inc. the 9.5 million dollar loan. All of the ratios are above the industry averages which hold strong signs for the future of the company. That being said SDI’s pro forma statements are of course, speculative. Ingrid should implement certain prevention systems to monitor SDI’s statements. For instance the bank should state in part of their indenture that SDI must keep 20% of their revenue in a savings account that the bank has access too. This serves the bank by holding 20% of their assets, but more importantly it lets the bank see how much money the company is making proportionately. The bank also has the right to use said assets as collateral until SDI is able to pay the bank back. With this contingency plan installed we believe that Ingrid would be justified in giving the loan to Sweet Dreams Incorporated.

A Rose for Emily and the Lottery Comparison essays

A Rose for Emily and the Lottery Comparison essays There are many ways that a reader can be prepared for the ending of a story, in A Rose for Emily and The Lottery they use the narrational stance, imagery and foreshadowing to prepare the reader for the ending. The narrational stance in A Rose for Emily was third person biography, which is defined as a single character point of view in which the narrator was is not involved with the story and the narrational stance in The Lottery was third person anonymous which is involves a narrator that takes no stance, he pretty much just tells the story. How the story is told is one integral part in how the reader is prepared for the endings of the stories. A Rose for Emily was written by William Faulkner and is about a woman named Emily who had to endure a life of heartache that started when her father died. The reader is prepared for the ending in the first line of the story by saying that Emily Grierson died. This lead me to believe that this story was going to backtrack from the womens death being stated in the beginning and just go through the various important events in her life, but I was proved wrong. This is where the narrational stance comes into play. Because the narrator is a character that is not Emily or someone really close to Emily it is hard to get an accurate characterization of her. Everything that we know comes from various opinions of the people in the town. What we do know is that Emily had a hard time accepting death, and there are two examples in the story that could be used for foreshadowing of the ending. Emily was torn apart when her father died, some say she went crazy and it was true. She didnt wan t to accept the fact that her father died and it tore her up inside that he was dead. Colonel Sartoris offered Emily a tax exemption due to the fact that the town owed her father money, this was a verbal agreement between the two and when ...

Health The Use and Abuse of Psychoactive Drugs Essays

Health The Use and Abuse of Psychoactive Drugs Essays Health The Use and Abuse of Psychoactive Drugs Paper Health The Use and Abuse of Psychoactive Drugs Paper Thomas De Quincey  (1785  Ã‚  1859) described the effect of drugs thus â€Å"Thou hast the keys of Paradise, oh, just, subtle, and mighty opium!† Over the years people have used drugs for various reasons and treatment needs. This is ideal on the prescription of a qualified and authorized medical practitioner. Drugs have thus saved countless lives and rescued the human race from devastating epidemics. But this drugs when used ‘indiscriminately’, constitute an abuse of drug. Drug  use  for  nonmedical purposes occurs throughout society. For this reason the 1978 President’s Commission on Mental Health did not recommend health and mental-health assistance except to persons whose drug use was intense and compulsive. The commission identified heroin as the number one drug problem because heroin addiction may lead to criminal behavior to pay for the drug. Adding to the problem is the fact that chemically similar drugs can be synthesized and sold on the street because they are not yet classified as controlled substances. In  a  1999  household  survey by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration an estimated 14.8 million people in the United States classified themselves as current illicit drug users. Among youths aged 12 to 17, close to 8 percent of respondents were regular users of marijuana. The percentage of youths in the same age range who used cocaine at least once a month was 49.8 percent. The survey also reported an estimated 1.6 million U.S. residents used prescription drugs for nonmedical purposes in 1998. The state with the highest rates of dependence on illicit drugs was Alaska with 2.8 percent of its 12 and older population dependent on illicit drugs and 7.3 percent dependent on illicit drugs or alcohol. (Encarta  ® 2006.  © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation) Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive Drugs are chemical substances that alter mood, behavior, perception, or mental functioning. Throughout history, many cultures have found ways to alter consciousness through the ingestion of substances. In current professional practice, psychoactive substances known as psychotropic drugs have been developed to treat patients with severe mental illness. Psychoactive substances exert their effects by modifying biochemical or physiological processes in the brain. The message system of nerve cells, or neurons, relies on both electrical and chemical transmission. Neurons rarely touch each other; the microscopic gap between one neuron and the next, called the synapse, is bridged by chemicals called neuroregulators, or neurotransmitters. Psychoactive drugs act by altering neurotransmitter function. The drugs can be divided into six major pharmacological classes based on their desired behavioral or psychological effect: alcohol, sedative-hypnotics, narcotic analgesics, stimulant-euphoriants, hallucinogens, and psychotropic agents. Alcohol has always been the most widely used psychoactive substance. In most countries it is the only psychoactive drug legally available without prescription. Pleasant relaxation is commonly the desired effect, but intoxication impairs judgment and motor performance. When used chronically, alcohol can be toxic to liver and brain cells and can be physiologically addicting, producing dangerous withdrawal syndromes. (Encarta  ® 2006.  © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation) Treatment With  the  exception  of treatment of opioid dependence, medical attention to the problems of the drug abuser is largely confined to dealing with overdoses, acute reactions to drug ingestion, and the incidental medical consequences of drug use such as malnutrition and medical problems caused by unsterilized needles. A busers of barbiturates and amphetamines may require hospitalization for detoxification, as is common among alcoholics. Others, such as those arrested repeatedly for possession of marijuana, may, in lieu of imprisonment, be forced to undergo treatment designed primarily for opioid abusers. Whatever the substance abused, the goal of most treatment programs is to foster abstinence in the patient. Two  types  of  treatment programs are used for most opioid users. Therapeutic communities require the drug abuser to take personal responsibility for his or her problem. Typically, the idea behind this treatment is that the drug abuser is emotionally immature and must be given a second chance to grow up. Harsh encounters with other members of the community are typical; the support of others, together with status and privilege, are used as rewards for good behavior. The  other  model  for  opioid abuse treatment is the use of heroin substitutes. One such substitute is methadone, which acts more slowly than heroin but is still addictive. The idea is to help the user gradually withdraw from heroin use while removing the need for finding the drug on the street. A more recent treatment drug, naltrexone, is nonaddictive but does not provide an equivalent â€Å"high;† it also cannot be used by persons with liver problems, which are common among addicts. References Encarta  ® 2006.  © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation National Institute on Drug Abuse, nida.nih.gov/ Paul M. Insel and Walton T. Roth, The Use and Abuse of Psychoactive Drugs ‘Core concepts in Health’ Chapter 7 U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Development within the European Union of the Second World Countries Assignment

Development within the European Union of the Second World Countries - Assignment Example Thus, in the course of discussion on the development process of these countries, it is inevitable to tackle the history of transition of these countries from a system of planned economy to their membership to the European Union and their subsequent integration to the global free market. A brief presentation on the situation of the Second World countries during the late 1990s was presented in this paper; however, the whole discussion gives its main focus in the past ten years of the new millennium. Introduction The European Union has become one of the most influential economic and political organizations in the world since the Second World War. Starting from a membership of six countries in 1958, European Union has now a membership of twenty seven countries and still expanding. European Union was established based on the framework of Europe-wide single market that would promote peace, stability and prosperity. Economic cooperation is at the core of the guiding principles of EU country -members basis of unity. EU stands for borderless economy within Europe and strives to make Europe an accessible place to live and work for all the Europeans. It is still a glaring reality; however, that unequal development still exists within the European Union. For the last five to ten years, changes within the boundaries associated with the European regions have caused altered changes in the economy of European Union. Despite of the thrust to create a single Europe, member-countries of the European Union sill differs from each in other in terms of economy, politics and social well-being of the people in the society. Specifically in terms of economy, the differences between the second world countries within the union have created a gap in the past decade. The economic activities of the second world countries in the region have been directly affected by their membership in the European Union either positively or negatively. How do the second world countries progress as members of t he European Union? Is this helpful for them as a whole? Basically, this paper will delve on these matters. This paper will examine the economic growth of the second world countries within the European Union for the last five to ten years. This paper also tries to establish that in as much as the Second World countries need the integration within the framework of the European Union, Europe would also benefit from the accession. In the past years, Europe has been insulated in productivity, especially in terms of labor. An American worker generates 27 percent more output per dollar compared to the European workers. Employers in France and Belgium are entitled at least twenty six paid national holidays in addition to their vacations. A German worker being is paid with 14.5 months of work per year but actually works for 9.5 months (Tupy, 2003). Also, the European GDP per capita today is less that two thirds compared to that of the United States, whereas they were roughly equal before. Th e glaring reality of Europe’s economy – slow growth, generous social provisions, high unemployment rate, and high taxes on European’s citizens – raises questions on the correctness of the European economic model would be able to help the Second World countries in their thrust for prosperity (Tupy, 2003). Thus, this paper will also discuss how the status of the economy of the second world countries affects the stature of European Union as a whole. Second

Just in Time Applications in Construction Projects Essay

Just in Time Applications in Construction Projects - Essay Example to production, general quality of work, design changes, material quality and availability, material handling and movement, safety, labor availability, capacity utilization, etc" (Akintoye, 1995: 105). In certain activities, an excess could be considered as a waste that results in zero-value and therefore needs to be minimized. Managing materials procurement is a vital process that has direct influence on a project’s cost. "A study shows the cost of materials and equipment constitutes approximately 60% of the projects cost" (Akintoye, 1995: 105; Marsh, 1985). Therefore, controlling materials procurement activities starting from the supplier warehouse through the delivery process until storage on construction sites is essential. Nevertheless, there is still a lag in managing materials procurement properly because of changes during execution stage of construction. Bell and Wooten say that "a materials management system could produce an improvement of almost 12% in craft labor productivity" (Bell and Wooten, 1985). Consequently, improved labor productivity leads to a reduction in construction cost; this is beneficial to contractors in terms of profitability and competitive position, to construction clients in terms of reduced bidding prices, and to the construction industry in terms of the increase in construction that can be produced for the same amount. A good practice that has been developed that focuses on organizing and managing the materials procurement process is Just-in-Time (JIT) system. Combining component measures of materials management to formulate decisions the entire process is a very complex obstacle. Based on Construction Industry Institute’s (1988) findings, certain key attributes of components were identified along with their measures of their performance to monitor and help ensure effective materials management. These attributes and measures are listed in the following checklist: Field Material Control: Materials control integrated with other

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Summary - Essay Example Below is the explanation of how the above factor could help curb the security problem. Crime Prevention through environmental design involves a combination of psychological and physical aspects of a security situation and then considering the two simultaneously. Security in areas say public zones, private or semi-private zones are best achieved by use of physical barriers like small fences or well-planned flower beds around them. These barriers along with some other symbolic barriers could also be used around sensitive data rooms to deter the entry of people into these rooms. The architectural designs have shown great efficiency in discouraging acts of crime in facilities. (Mlakar, 1999) Surveillance. Surveillance in any building or facility is very crucial as it help to monitoring people within it. The people may include the employees, visitors who, in this case, are strangers or even the security persons on the ground. Surveillance can assist to closely monitor individuals with a lot of secrecy and thus it’s recommended to install these devices at places where people cannot recognize them easily. This way, acts of crime will be identified easily as the individuals will be caught unawares. Monitoring becomes even most critical with increased number of employees. Monitoring cannot be accomplished in the darkness. Lighting, therefore, becomes another factor that goes hand in hand with surveillance. The brightness, intensity, and the number of lighting devices in and within a facility becomes of critical importance. Well-spaced, and glowing office lighting show good on cameras. Therefore, lighting offers the basis of any security situation in any given place. Outdoor barriers in a facility help to delay, obstruct, and or prevents cases of thefts and other negative security situation. The barriers include fences, perimeter barriers, and gates among other obstacles that prevent access to persons to some given areas. The

All in the Family Essay Example for Free

All in the Family Essay Throughout one’s life, things are going to grow and change, yet one thing will always remain the same, one’s family. This social unit, whether it be related by blood or the love that comes from a family will always remain strong. While taking a look at two narratives, we will discuss the lessons learned, family functions, extended family, and the impressions that are made upon the readers of these stories. Taking a look at these powerful narratives, we as readers see many lessons that are learned throughout these pieces of writing. Taking a look at the narrative, An Indian Story by Roger Jack, this non-nuclear family shows us the readers, the lesion of who can and could be considered family. This important lesson shows how although his Aunt Greta is not immediate family like his father would be; she becomes immediate in his time of need. â€Å"My home and academic life improved a lot after I had moved in with Aunt Greta† (Jack 53). This improvement of life for these characters shows how this social network made of defined characters were able to adapt and transform to the ever-changing needs and circumstances of its â€Å"family† members. Moving on to the much different narrative entitled, Looking for Work by Gary Soto were we take a look at a nuclear family that is much different. The life of a Mexican American boy who strives for nothing less than for his family to be â€Å"perfect† like he sees on TV. His longing for the, â€Å"Father looks on in his suit. The mother, decked out in earrings and a pearl necklace, cuts into her steak and blushes. Their conversation so politely clipped† (Soto 29). These constant strives to be perfect and rich consumed most of his time. Yet by the end of this narrative, he would finally learn the most important lesson of all, his family is who they are. Much like Gary Soto in his story, Looking for Work I learned the same exact lesson. Although my family may have been crazy and somewhat embarrassing they are who they are and there was nothing I could do about it. My family was always going to be there for me no matter what and I couldn’t love them more for that. Throughout these two narratives, everyone experienced the presence of family in some form or another and I have to say, I don’t know what I would do without mine. While reading these stories I found a few similarities between the families in the stories and my own family that really stood out to me. First, the importance of 3family in general. I cannot stress enough how important my family is to me; yet when I was a child, much like the boys in these stories, I did not realize it. Another similarity I shared with these stories was how close I was to my grandma like Roger Jack was to his Aunt Greta. This warmed my heart because I love my grandma and so many instances throughout that narrative reminded me of my grandma and I. Much like when Roger stated, â€Å"I walked to Aunt Greta’s and asked if I could move in with her since I had already spent so much time with her anyway† (Jack 53). Yet one way in which my family is different from the families in these narrative is that I was blessed to have a mom and a dad growing up and I could not be more thankful for that. Growing up is an important time in any child’s life. Whether it is like the boys in these narratives or anyone else; that is a time for you to grow and shape into an individual. I believe that the environment I grew up in was a good thing for me and it shaped my entire worldview. I grew up with great yet strict parents, a loving, caring, hard working mom and housewife, and a tough, hard working, funny father. Together they taught me to work for everything I have because later in life nothing was going to be handed to me. I was taught a great work ethic and good morals from the very beginning. I believe that because of those teachings by my great parents, I am the person I am today. Extended family most definitely differed between the two narratives yet the importance was there. As with my extended family, we are very close, especially with my mom’s mom Erna. I always grew up with her right across the street and I loved every minute of it! She was always there for me and I always had fun whenever I was with her. I remember her cooking for me and us gardening together. Although the dictionary considers grandparents extended family, I do not. My grandma was so close to my family, especially my mom and I that to me she is immediate family. The importance of extended family and family in general to me is practically my life. I would do anything for them just as they would for me. I am so grateful to have such a close immediate and an extended family in my life. Looking at both narratives, there was one that made a more powerful impression upon me as a reader. Looking for Work by Gary Soto really stood out to me for one reason, the lesson. I believe in the fact that your family is who they are and there is nothing that you can do about it besides accept them. I love how Gary realized at the end that his family was not going to be like the family on Father Knows Best and that was ok. I think that made such an impression on me because I was the same way when I was little, I hated when my parents would make jokes and be silly but as I was growing up I grew to love it. My family is who they are and I love them for it! I wouldn’t trade my family for anything in the world and by the end of the story Gary seemed to feel the same way. In the beginning, Gary would be so frustrated when his siblings would wear bathing suits to dinner, when he had specifically asked them to dress up. Yet towards the end of the story such change took over Gary. â€Å"That evening at dinner we all sat down in our bathing suits to eat our beans, laughing and chewing loudly† (Soto 29). This quote is a prime example of the change that underwent the main character and showed the point in which he accepted everyone at that table for who they were, family. Works Cited Jack, Roger. An Indian Story. Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Rereading America Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. 8th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martins, 2010. 52-61. Print. Soto, Gary. Looking for Work. Ed. Robert Cullen and Bonnie Lisle. Rereading America Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed. Gary Colombo. 8th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martins, 2010. 26-31. Print.

Drip Irrigation and Soil :: Agriculture Agricultural Essays

Drip Irrigation and Soil Introduction Irrigation has had a substantial effect on agricultural history, from its use by Egyptian and Iranian farmers over 2500 years ago through modern agriculture (Troth 1980). The most common irrigation techniques of today are furrow, flood, sprinkler and drip. Furrow and flood both flood the irrigated area, while sprinkler and drip are direct applicators. Drip irrigation is gaining popularity for its efficiency of irrigation. Drip Irrigation Drip, or trickle, irrigation is a process of selective water application. A number of emitters are placed either on or below ground level. Placement of emitters is numerous in order to directly apply water to the crop. A pressurized pipe system supplies the emitters with water which then wets the soil within the root zone. Frequently, fertilizers are also applied using this method. Water efficiency is one of the most important characteristics of this recently developed technique. 90% of applied water is available for crop use (Troth 1980). The constant presence of water in the soil has a positive effect for crops. (Bresler, 1977). Water efficiency also provides for a slower application of water to the soil. The application rate controls infiltration rate which allows for a more uniform wetting in the individual root zone. In furrow and flood irrigation, waterlogging and water fluctuation can cause evaporation losses, plant damage, and erosion (Singer, 1996). Selective application prevents such instances from occurring under drip irrigation. Effects on Soil Irrigation plays a significant role in soil structure. The effects could be either beneficial or harmful to the soil, while separately affecting its short term crop productivity. Long-term damage to the soil, however, will result in decline of soil productivity. Farming techniques which use earth-moving machines can appear effective for crop production, but will eventually damage the topsoil (McLaren, 1990). Erosion Any irrigation will decided role in the structure of a soil. The effects could be either beneficial or harmful to the soil, while separately affecting its short term crop productivity. Long-term damage to the soil, however, will result in decline of soil productivity, and regardless of the initial bountiful harvests crop yield will decrease. For example, farming techniques which use earth-moving machines can appear effective for crop production, but will eventually damage the topsoil which thereby decreases crop productivity (McLaren, 1990). Erosion is a substantial contributor to deterioration of soil quality. Flood and furrow irrigation use a high influx of water to immerse the crop area.

National Crime Survey

Would you answer honestly if participating in a national crime survey asking about your criminal behavior, including any drinking and drug use? Yes I would participate in the survey. I would be honest because I have nothing to hide and no reason to lie. But for some they don’t want people to know what crimes they have committed or they lie about the extent of the crimes. But I think it’s because they want to be seen in a â€Å"good light†. A good term for this is called â€Å"Social Desirability Bias† which means that you reply in a manner that is socially acceptable and desirable. [1] The main purpose of this study is to allow the participants to describe the crimes in their own words instead of implying from observing participants. [2] Honesty in these self-report studies help many different groups to better understand crime and criminal behavior. They use these reports to gather information to put them into statistics. The reports that are used are collected from the NIBRS (National Incident-Based Reporting System) and NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey) and published by FBI in their yearly UCR ( Uniform Crime Report. ) In some forms of deviance self-report studies have been proven better than police reports (ex: minor offenses among adolescents. ) In a variety of social-psychological studies these reports have been proven very useful (ex: monitoring of subjective feelings or states is at issue) [3] Dishonesty in these repo

The Theory of Michelangelo’s Architecture

Michelangelo’s architecture was revolutionary to say the least when observed against the backdrop of the then accepted norms in architecture and arts in general. During his time, architects usually think of architecture and arts in universal terms as seeing the works per se as composed of mathematical numbers (measurements) or geometry. Artists of the Renaissance period expressed their arts in more commonly in abstract forms. Michelangelo, on the other hand, feels, sees, and would interact with his art as though it is an animated thing (p 38). Indeed, it is enlightening to approach a structural design through the lenses of such a genius as the Master. It is important to get enough acquaintance with the anatomy of the whole thing. For Michelangelo, the building is not just a building, but like the human body, it lives and breathes; therefore he could look at a structure and see every part of it as having its unique and special function – as nose, eyes, arms, and other parts of the body have their own special purposes for the proper functioning of the whole physique to the full benefit of the man. While the writers of medieval times would draw their ideas of architectural outline from the human anatomy, most of them do not conceive of the body as a life form. When drawing from the human body any architectural ideas, the assumed perception is that the body is a miniature of the universe with all its parts functioning in perfect harmony. This perfect synchronization though, according to the prevailing notions of the artists of those days, could not be achieved practically since – according to them – it was only an ideal and therefore could not be possibly realized in actuality. Hence, the use of numbers and measurements – in short, geometrical approach. For example, one can just look at the available models, such as those crafted by Francisco Di Giorgio (ideal church plan p. 39), and Cesariano (the Vitruvian Figure, 1521 p 40). The said models, as can be observed, are both replicas of the human body. These architectural designs were common in medieval period. Michelangelo’s attitude was somewhat off tangent when compared to his peers. Indeed, he was different and was very free in terms of his individuality, especially as it was applied to his works. Whereas his contemporaries have chosen to settle for the perfections of mathematical figures/measurements, Michelangelo argued for (as attested in his works) the â€Å"motions† and the â€Å"emotions. For Michelangelo, everything from the observer to the object – including the vast backdrop of the surroundings – are all interconnected, that when an artist sets himself to plan a building, he should consider the presumed interplay between the object (the architectural design of the building), its backdrop (the environment), and the observer. Remember, the structural design for Michelangelo was a dynamic thing which exerts its influence to the observers.

Hello Dali! Surrealism and Dadaism essays

Hello Dali! Surrealism and Dadaism essays The Dada/Surrealism movement is referred to as an anarchist movement against art, which at the time was considered another representation of bourgeois power. (Gombrich 593-594) The Menaced Assassin reflects two abiding preoccupations of the Surrealists," writes Gablik Magritte. (Gowing 884) (Gowing 885) (Anderson 1170-1172) You must begin to dream. (Gombrich 591) (Gowing 887) Dali's "paranoiac-critical method" gave his work a pseudo-Freudian twist, and his new work became much like the rest of Surrealist art, paintings of "private fetishes." (Gowing 887) Eventually Dali, along with Magritte and the other Dada artists, was excluded. In the end, in Breton's attempt to keep Surrealism out of the fascist, anarchist world and keep it in the world of the Freudian dream state was a failure. Breton actually moved Surrealism into the anarchist's world that Dada's Tzara had created. New York NY: Harper A History of Art. The Harper American Literature, Vol. 2. Dictionary of the Arts. english.upenn.edu/~jenglish/English104/tzara.html Dadaism by Tristan Tzara Surrealism moved the humanity out of the romantic and classical notions of life and creativity into a world of ongoing and escalating anarchy and devastation. Regardless of its enduring influence on art, Surrealism may never have occurred without the founders of the Dada movement. (Varisco) In accord with the Manifesto of Surrealism of 1924 written in collaboration with Andre Breton, companion poet and dramatist Tristan Tzara wrote in the Zurich Chronicle: "Let us destroy let us be good let us create a new force of gravity. NO equals YES. Dada means nothing . . . and I hate good sense." (Varisco 139(10)) This created the basis for artists Salvador Dali, Rene Magritte, Sherman Anderson, and every radical of the early 20th Century. Moreover, although t...

Policy changes in the USSR essays

Policy changes in the USSR essays The reasons for the change in Party policy are the result of unrest in the proletariat class, foreign security concerns, the desire to use terror as a form of control, and the desire for total power by the Soviet leaders. The leadership position may have changed from Lenin to Stalin, however, the underlying desire for total control and power remains constant. It is evident to record a change in the Communist rule from the initial Communist ideals of 1917, through the years of War communism, then to its transition in 1924 to the New Economic Policy (NEP), to 1928 with the introduction of Industrialisation, Modernisation and Collectivisation. Other changes to policy have been recorded in the areas of foreign relations and internal purges. All of these significant changes to party policy have been a direct result of the need to strengthen the economy, hold total support and achieve military control, or more simply, to achieve the aim of totalitarianism. Government soviet policy throughout the period of war communism had been predicated on the use of force and terror to gain political control and economic stability. Lenin's power base diminished from the increasing famine, the collapse of the economy and frequent mutinies, all which were directly attributable to war communism and the demoralizing effect it had on the people. As a result Lenin introduced the NEP which differed from the policy of War communism in that requisitioning was abolished, Kulaks were permitted to sell their surplus for a profit, and a cash economy was reintroduced. These steps essentially returned the country back to many of its capitalistic policies. As Lenin said, "In order to take two steps forward, we shall take one step back." This major deviance from the communist policy beforehand was a direct result of Lenin's need to enforce control over the deteriorating conditions brought about by war communism. R. Daniels explains that, "During the time of the NE P......